In March 2025, the beam commissioning of the entire ESS linac commenced, supported by a diverse suite of instrumentation systems. This campaign followed the 2023 commissioning of the normal-conducting linac, which accelerated protons to 70 MeV. During the intervening period, the entire superconducting linac and the transport line to the tuning dump were installed. Several instrumentation systems underwent expansion, including the deployment of new position and phase measurement devices, current monitors, and beam loss detectors. In addition, various types of instruments saw beam for the first time, such as ionization profile monitors, fast wire scanners, beam stops, imaging systems, and an aperture monitor. The commissioning campaign culminated in the acceleration of first protons through the final drift tube linac tank (to 90 MeV), the superconducting spoke structures (to 216 MeV), and the medium-beta and high-beta elliptical structures (to >800 MeV). In this paper, we present the initial beam measurements, as well as verification of the protection functions and lessons learned from the experience.

J-PARC Linac accelerates the high-intensity beam of 50 mA using an RF system of 324 MHz and 972 MHz. In order to accelerate and transport the high-intensity beam to facilities stably, the current value, centroid, and distribution of the beam must be measured to realize optimum operating conditions. This paper reports on the transformations and improvements of the linac beam diagnostics since 2015. As an example, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were employed in the WSM at the upstream of the linac. There has never been an unintentional WSM failure after the CNT replacement. Other reports on the status of BSM operations will also be presented. The diagnosis of beam anomalies experienced during beam tuning will also be reported.

The IFMIF-DONES facility, currently under construction in Granada (Spain), is dedicated to testing materials under neutron irradiation, as part of advanced materials research for next-generation fusion reactors. The superconducting linear accelerator of the facility is intended to deliver a continuous-wave deuteron beam with an energy of 40 MeV and an unprecedented current of 125 mA. The production of neutrons is then achieved by driving the 5 MW beam into a liquid lithium target. Beam diagnostics play a critical role in the IFMIF-DONES accelerator due to several unique challenges. These include the extremely high beam power, the harsh environment due to neutron and gamma radiation and the required operational availability of the accelerator. Moreover, the accelerator may operate in pulsed and continuous wave for commissioning and standard operation, respectively. This work presents an overview of the main beam diagnostics techniques and strategies needed to address these challenges, as well as the construction plan and the prototyping works. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium.

After more than 20 years of successful operation, the storage ring of the Swiss Light Source (SLS) has recently been replaced with a new diffraction-limited storage ring (DLSR) called SLS 2.0. After a dark time of 15 months from October 2023 until December 2024, SLS 2.0 now provides more than 40 times higher brilliance for hard X-ray users, thanks to an innovative compact 7-bend achromat magnet lattice with reverse bending magnets that fits into the old SLS 1.0 tunnel. In this contribution, we give an overview of the commissioning of the new storage ring and first user operation experience, highlighting key differences between SLS 1.0 and 2.0, as well as the role and usage of different beam instrumentation systems during the commissioning process from the operations perspective. Moreover, we present the status of beam-based feedbacks systems, and the resulting beam stability and performance that has been achieve so far during first user operation.

High Intensity heavy ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF）is now under equipment tests and about to deliver multiple beam species from Proton (9.3 GeV, 6E12 ppp) to Uranium (835 MeV, 2E11 ppp) into various experimental terminals. Undoubtedly, it demands a lot of functions and challenges for BI system both in instruments and electronics. This BI system totally possesses more than 650 number and 20 types of monitors, including nearly 300 scintillators for the fast loss determination of primary beams and field emitted X-ray by cavities, and more than 2000 units and 20 kinds of fully self-developed electronics for data acquisitions as well. The system design and deployment details, problems encountered like EMI during preliminary tests, and progress of beam commissioning at MEBT now are all about to be described. As for the monitors, we have mainly designed cold buttons, capacitive and linear-cut BPMs for beam position and phase, various CTs and faraday cup for beam current, IPM and wire scanner for transverse profiles, WCM and fast faraday cup for the bunch length, collimator and halo ring for beam scraping, and many pickups for extraction, Schottky, tune and feedback applications as well.

The Advanced Photon Source Upgrade (APS-U) represents the latest advancement in ultra-low emittance storage ring light sources. Since its commissioning and the commencement of user operations in 2024, APS-U has successfully reached its design beam current of 200 mA and operates reliably for user experiments. The diagnostic systems have been integral to the successful commissioning and operation of the machine. This paper presents the beam commissioning results of various diagnostic systems in the APS-U storage ring, with a focus on beam position monitors. Additionally, we will discuss various beam measurements, including beam current and lifetime, tune, beam stability, and swap-out injection bunch motion.

The aim of the NEWGAIN Project (NEW GAnil INjector), is to build a second injector on the SPIRAL2 accelerator to produce and accelerate heavier beams with A/q up to 7. The NEWGAIN injector is based on 2 ECR ion sources, two LEBT, one RFQ and a MEBT lines to send new ion beams in the linac and the S3 experimental room. Diagnostic monitors are planned to measure and control beam intensities, profiles, phases, energies and emittances. A presentation of beam characteristics and a description of the diagnostic monitors are done. Modifications of the beam duty cycle system and the machine protection system are also detailed.

The Extreme Photonics Applications Centre (EPAC) is a next-generation high-power laser facility designed to deliver stable, high-repetition-rate (10 Hz) LWFA electron beamline with high quality parameters (∼1nC, ∼1 GeV, <5% energy spread). As a crucial preparatory step, one of the 10 TW laser system (Gemini) at the Central Laser Facility is being repurposed as a prototype beamline to de-risk EPAC commissioning and to develop critical subsystems. We report on a progress in three core areas: 1. Targetry Development: We designed and implemented gas-cell targets featuring enhanced durability, leveraging replaceable CVD diamond apertures and modular components to support 5 Hz operation. 2. Beam Optimization: Using Bayesian optimization, we explore tuning of key LWFA outputs—electron charge, energy, divergence, and X-ray flux and energy—achieving improved performance across shots. 3. Integrated Simulation Framework: To support beamline design, we are developing a modular toolkit that couples fluid dynamics (OpenFOAM), particle-in-cell (FBPIC), and Monte Carlo (Geant4) simulations.

The Compact Linear Accelerator for Research and Applications (CLARA) is STFC Daresbury Laboratory’s flagship accelerator facility. We present the latest data from the commissioning of the CLARA facility at Daresbury Laboratory. This will include initial beam measurements and diagnostic performance for the 250 MeV high brightness, highly compressed electron bunches. An overview of the diagnostic requirements and anticipated challenges for these high impact user experiments will be provided. The future direction of diagnostics at CLARA, including potential system upgrades and plans for virtual diagnostics, is also discussed.

The Electron Ion Collider (EIC) is being built at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). The early system design phase efforts are underway. In addition to upgrading the existing RHIC instrumentation for the EIC hadron storage ring, new electron accelerator subsystems will include a 750 MeV Linac, accumulator ring, rapid-cycling synchrotron, electron storage ring, and a hadron cooling facility. The scope of the instrumentation includes devices to measure beam position, loss, current, charge, tune, transverse and longitudinal profiles, emittance, and crabbing angles. A description of the planned instruments and the present design status will be presented.

TOP-IMPLART is a pulsed RF proton linear accelerator in operation at the ENEA Frascati Research Center originally built as a technological demonstrator for a full-linear solution to protontherapy, it is currently evolving towards a facility available for research and industrial users in different fields, ranging from biomedical to aerospace applications. It consists of a commercial AccSys PL7 model 425 MHz injector followed by eight SCDTL accelerating modules operating at 3 GHz. Proton beams in the range 1-6 MeV are available from a vertical delivery line placed at the exit of the injector, and at 63 MeV or 71 MeV (intermediate and lower energies are achieved by degraders) from a horizontal delivery line at the exit of the accelerator, where a pulse current variable up to 20 µA is provided in pulses 2.5 µs long at a typical repetition rate of 25 Hz. Our contribution presents the first experimental results from the commissioning of the high-energy line. It is a multi-purpose in-house designed line featuring a magnetic scanning system and a set of instrumentation, diagnostics, and target positioning frames placed on motorized platforms allowing for customizable irradiation setups.

cSTART is a future storage ring currently under development at KIT with the purpose to investigate various non-equilibrium beam conditions and the injection and storage of LPA (Laser Plasma Accelerator) like beams. To understand and control the non-equilibrium beam dynamics at cSTART, various beam diagnostics with demanding specifications are required. The KARA booster has been used as an important tool to explore diagnostics for cSTART due to similarities in parameters, in particular the low electron beam energy (50 MeV) and the relatively high revolution frequency. Several beam diagnostics installed in the booster will be also installed in cSTART, i.e. the BPM readout electronics, the Bunch-by-Bunch (BBB) feedback system, the beam loss detection system, etc. In this context, dedicated beam time was used to test the performances of the different beam diagnostics systems, and to prepare for work around solutions in case of limitations if any. In this paper, we will describe the different experiments, emphasizing the procedures and highlighting the applied analysis. Moreover, we will discuss the obtained results and elaborate on their indications for the cSTART performance.

Studies concerning the FLASH effect for radiation therapy are currently performed at ELSA. The booster synchrotron is used in a preliminary mode of operation to deliver electron beam pulses of 1.2 GeV energy with fixed length of 250 ns to irradiate cell samples. To enable different spill durations ranging from nanoseconds up to several ms in an energy range of 0.8 to 3.2 GeV a fast extraction from the stretcher ring is developed. Therefore a repurposing of the existing injection kickers for extraction is under study to achieve single turn extraction, up to extraction within a few turns. While the effect on the beam dynamics is observed with a streak camera, the measurement of the extracted beam is performed via current and chromox monitors. For longer spill durations, reaching up to ms, the feasibility of multiple concepts for a quicker resonant extraction at ELSA is investigated.

The ELSA facility at the University of Bonn uses a storage ring to accelerate polarized electrons up to 3.2 GeV. The photoinjector source is driven by a Ti:Sa laser beam to obtain a high polarization degree (~86%) from a GaAsP strained-layer superlattice crystal photocathode. After a prolonged shutdown of the source we restored its status to fully operational and fine-tuned the laser system, the crystal storage and cleaning apparatus as well as the Linac transfer beamline. The in-house developed diagnostic software FGrabbit has been employed for the analysis of laser and electron beam camera images, providing increased precision and dynamic range in the optimization process. The impact of the crystal cleaning process was studied with spatially resolved quantum efficiency mapping of the photocathode surface.

The China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) is a major facility for neutron science in China, and is currently operating at an averaged beam power of 170 kW with a beam energy of 1.6 GeV and repetation rate of 25 Hz. In 2024, the CSNS Upgrade project (CSNS-II) was launched with a goal beam power of 500 kW. We will present an overview of the new diagnostics and the corresponding challenges. We will also review the recent R&D activities on the laser-wire monitor system, ionization profile monitor, bunch shape monitors, beam position monitor and the development of the new material such as carbon-nano tube (CNT) wire, florescence wire and low-resistance MCP.

The Continuous Electron Beam Facility (CEBAF) has been in operation since 1994. The accelerator has seen several upgrades to RF and cryogenic systems and capabilities. However, the diagnostics used for beam delivery have remained largely unchanged. With several challenging experiments on the way and obsolescence issues with existing hardware, the time has come to explore a significant upgrade to CEBAF’s diagnostic capabilities. The primary focus for the upgrade will be the development of a next generation beam position monitoring system along with a new accelerator timing and synchronization system. Research and development efforts are underway with prototypes for both systems in testing. Updates, plans, challenges and potential solutions will be presented.

In January 2025, beam was first stored in the SLS 2.0, and by April 2025, the milestone of a 400 mA beam was reached. A variety of diagnostics were utilized to reach these milestones; for example, charge, current and loss monitors for minimizing losses and optimizing transmission and injection efficiency, polarized visible light for vertical beam size measurement, and more. This paper will highlight the contributions of the various diagnostics to the machine commissioning process.

For the ESS linac commissioning, twelve extremely compact beam destinations were designed in place of bulky and expensive beam dumps, in order to dump [0.075, 250] MeV protons. The beam destinations were either Faraday Cups (FC) for the NCL commissioning or Insertable Beam Stops (IBS) for the SCL commissioning. Both FC and IBS are beam-intercepting devices, operated under vacuum, water cooled and movable by means of a pneumatic actuator. The **manufacturing** of FC and IBS relied on high-precision machining. The limited installation space and vacuum requirements required strict tolerances, complex welding of small components and vacuum brazing of compact cooling pipes. The **installation** of the devices themselves, their radiation shielding and portable cleanrooms were particularly challenging due to the limited space not only outside but also inside the beamline. The main challenge during the **operation** was posed by the beam power density. Radiation transport calculations allowed to minimize residual dose rates. Thermo-mechanical simulations allowed to define the operational limits thus avoiding damage to the beam destinations themselves and linac components nearby.

Radiation transport simulations allow the design and operation of entire facilities such as the European Spallation Source (ESS) in Lund, Sweden. This paper summarizes three of the first applications of Attila4MC simulations to the high-power proton accelerator of ESS and its beam instrumentation. Entire linac sections and beam-interceptive instrumentation were modelled by implementing existing CAD models, relying on unstructured tetrahedral meshes and zeroing out the time spent in manually crafting MCNP6 models. As a result, it was possible to accurately quantify the beam power density within beam-interceptive devices and in turn their operational limits. Activation and 3D dose maps were computed and swiftly visualized in 3D, on top of the actual linac model. This work paves the way for e.g. advanced instrumentation design, linac operation, safe maintenance, categorization of radiation waste and future dismantling.

Accelerator facilities generate diverse documentation, from technical reports to structured wikis and semi-structured logbooks, which complicates efficient knowledge access. While Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) offers a path toward intelligent operator assistants, no single method is universally optimal. We present three use cases from PSI: for technical documentation, naive dense retrieval with summarization provides fast and interpretable access; for the AcceleratorWiki, a graph-augmented approach improves reasoning over hierarchies and cross-references; and for ELOG, an agentic pipeline with specialized agents supports multimodal interpretation, temporal reasoning, and iterative refinement. Together, these case studies illustrate how matching retrieval paradigms to data types enables reliable, context-aware assistance in accelerator operations.

The Canadian Light Source (CLS) linear accelerator (linac) serves as the injector for the 2.9 GeV synchrotron. The original linac, which was installed in the 1960's, was replaced in 2024. The new 3000.24 MHz linac was designed and built by RI Research Instruments GmbH. The linac makes use of a 90 kV thermionic source, three 5m long accelerating S-band structures and a SLED pulse compressor system to accelerate electrons to 250 MeV. The initial beam instrumentation included a faraday cup, yag screens, beam position monitors and fast current transformers. During the course of commissioning directional couplers and microphones were added to provide insight into the location of RF breakdowns. This paper will provide an overview of the new linear accelerator and our experience commissioning the new equipment.

Due to the limited transverse acceptance of 4th generation light sources, the characterization and control of the incoming beam from the booster to the storage ring is an important asset to achieve highly efficient and reproducible injection. For the upgraded SLS 2.0 storage ring, a new booster-to-ring transfer line (BRTL) has been designed, which includes a non-dispersive section for beam parameter measurements and a double-BPM-corrector configuration for position and angle feedback of the injected beam. Based on the BRTL design criteria, first beam results during SLS 2.0 commissioning are presented, including experience with quadrupole scans to document emittance exchange at the end of the booster ramp and steering-stabilization of the beam at the injection point, resulting in a step-wise optimization of transmission into the storage ring.

Siam Photon Source II (SPS-II) is a 4th-generation synchrotron light source to be constructed in Thailand, envisioned as a major synchrotron facility for Southeast Asia. It is designed with a 3 GeV low-emittance electron storage ring based on a Double Triple Bend Achromat (DTBA) lattice, with a circumference of 327.6 meters and a natural emittance of 0.97 nm·rad. The design and machine parameters have recently been carefully revised to enhance beam stability and operational reliability. In parallel, key prototypes are being developed to support smooth construction and ensure long-term performance. This paper presents the detailed specifications and a comprehensive overview of the planned beam diagnostics and instrumentation systems, along with initial results from their ongoing R&D and testing.

The Beam Test Facility (BTF) at the National Laboratories of Frascati provides highly configurable positron/electron beams for different type of experiments. Extracted from the DAΦNE LINAC, the beam delivers up to 49 bunches/s, with 1 to $10^{10}$ particles/bunch. Secondary beams span 25-780 MeV (electrons) and up to 550 MeV (positrons). BTF includes two experimental halls: BTFEH1, suited for high-intensity and long-term experiments, and BTFEH2, optimized for lower intensities (up to 10⁶ particles/s). Both halls feature remote-controlled movable tables, beam diagnostics, and essential services like laser alignment, networking, high-voltage support, and gas pipelines, ensuring comprehensive experimental capabilities and 24/7 user support. A notable strength of BTF lies in the user-friendly approach: beam is easily manipulated to meet users' specific needs, even during ongoing data collection. In this talk the upgrades concerning the development of a new control system based on Epik8s (EPICS on Kubernates) will be reported as well as the new improvement in beam dimension and energy loss concerning the substitution of the 500 $\mu$m BeO exit window with 120 $\mu$m Anticorodal one.

The PERLE (Powerful Energy Recovery Linac for Experiments) project is a high current and high charge testbed for the technologies required to realise future ERLs. A 20 mA electron beam with a bunch charge of 500 pC will be accelerated to 7 MeV by the booster and injected into the ERL. To deliver the beam to the ERL loop, a three-dipole merger with variable momentum compaction has been selected. At this energy, emittance growth is dominated by space charge effects, imposing strict constraints on the beam transport and diagnostic design. This study presents the design and optimisation of the diagnostic layout within the merger, taking into account instrumentation requirements, spatial constraints, and beam dynamics considerations. Beam tracking is used to evaluate these factors and determine optimal diagnostic positioning based on measurable beam parameters. These findings support the commissioning strategy and tuning procedures of the PERLE injector.

To support both routine operation and accelerator research at ELSA, a dual-mode dispenser-cathode based electron gun capable of thermionic emission and thermally assisted photoemission (TAPE) is being developed. A dedicated gun test stand is being designed to measure beam properties and quality, as well as quantum efficiency in the TAPE mode under operational conditions. Instrumentation will include a pepper pot emittance stage, quadrupole scan capabilities, profile measurements using screens and wire-scans or SEM grids, and bunch charge and energy spread determination. In a basic test environment, experiments were carried out at low accelerating voltages using a setup consisting of the dispenser cathode, a pickup anode, and a simple laser system with an optical shutter. The shutter enables alternating measurements of photocurrent and dark current at the anode, allowing first estimations of quantum efficiency. The influence of different cathode heating cycles on both the absolute quantum efficiency and its temporal stability was investigated with this setup. Quantum efficiency measurements under different conditions and simulations of the test beamline are presented.

The Extreme Photonics Applications Centre (EPAC) being built at the Central Laser Facility in the UK will utilise a 10Hz Laser Wakefield Accelerator (LWFA) to produce a tuneable x-ray source, with energies ranging from 3keV up to 10’s of MeV while maintaining a micron-scale source size and ultra-short pulse duration. Combination of such characteristics opens an opportunity for cutting-edge high-resolution industrial imaging of dense materials: battery packs, historical artifacts and dynamic processes: crack propagation, motor engines running. The primary challenge in imaging with LWFA X-ray sources stems from shot-to-shot instabilities of flux, energies and pointing. We will present an imaging protocol developed using a combination of particle-in-cell, ray tracing and Monte Carlo simulations to simulate instabilities of EPAC and correct for them in x-ray radiographic and tomographic imaging.

The Synchrotron Light Research Institute (SLRI) operates the SPS-I facility located in Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand, which provides synchrotron light for various scientific and industrial applications. The linac injector, serving as the primary injector, is responsible for electron beam bunching and acceleration to 40 MeV, after which the beam is transported to the booster ring via the Low-Energy Beam Transport line (LBT). To ensure optimal beam quality and efficient transport, various beam instrumentation devices are installed along the linac injector and LBT for diagnostics and monitoring. This contribution presents an overview of the beam instrumentation used to measure beam current, transverse profiles, and energy profiles, serving as a fundamental reference for future beam optimization and performance improvements of the SPS-I linac injector system.